class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide .title[ # Loops and conditionals ] .author[ ### Lars Relund Nielsen ] --- layout: true <div class="my-footer"> <span> <a href="https://bss-osca.github.io/tfa/mod-r-loops-cond" target="_blank">Notes</a> | <a href="09_r-loops-cond-slides.html" target="_blank">Slides</a> | <a href="https://github.com/bss-osca/tfa/blob/master/slides/09_r-loops-cond-slides.Rmd" target="_blank">Source</a> | <a href="https://rstudio.cloud/spaces/426101/content/6689203" target="_blank">Posit Cloud</a> </span> </div> --- ## Comparison/relational operators - `<` for less than, `>` for greater than, - `<=` for less than or equal to, `>=` for greater than or equal to, - `==` for equal to each other (and not `=` which is typically used for assignment!), - `!=` not equal to each other. ```r x <- TRUE # you may use x <- T y <- FALSE # you may use y <- F x == y ``` -- ``` ## [1] FALSE ``` -- ```r z <- c(1, -1, 3) z > 0 # vector comparison ``` -- ``` ## [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE ``` --- ## A vector of booleans ```r z <- c(1, -1, 3) z > 0 all(z > 0) any(z > 0) ``` -- ``` ## [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE ``` ``` ## [1] FALSE ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` -- .your-turn[ Your turn - Try to guess the output ```r x <- c(1, 2, 45, NA, -1) x > 0 x > -100 any(x > 0) all(x > -100) ``` ] <div class="countdown" id="timer_cbe9ef1e" data-update-every="1" tabindex="0" style="right:0;bottom:0;"> <div class="countdown-controls"><button class="countdown-bump-down">−</button><button class="countdown-bump-up">+</button></div> <code class="countdown-time"><span class="countdown-digits minutes">01</span><span class="countdown-digits colon">:</span><span class="countdown-digits seconds">00</span></code> </div> --- ## Logical operators - `&` and, - `|` or, - `!` not. ```r x <- 4 y <- "Lars" z <- NA x == 4 & y == "lars" ``` ``` ## [1] FALSE ``` -- ```r x > 4 | y != "lars" ``` -- ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` --- Remember parenthesis ```r (x == 4 | y != "Lars") & !is.na(z) x == 4 | (y != "Lars" & !is.na(z)) ``` -- ``` ## [1] FALSE ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` -- Logical operators applied to vectors ```r v1 <- 1:4 v2 <- c(2,-1,7,9) v1 > 1 & v2 < 3 ``` ``` ## [1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE ``` --- ## Conditional Statements (a single boolean) Use of `if` and `while` (a single boolean) ```r x <- 5 if (x < 3) { cat("first") } else if (x > 4) { cat("next") } else { cat("last") } ``` ``` ## next ``` ```r x <- 1 while(x < 5) { x <- x + 1 } ``` --- ## Conditional Statements (vector of booleans) Use of `if_else` (a vectorized alternative) .midi[ .pull-left[ ```r library(tidyverse) x <- c(-5:5, NA) ## using if and for res <- rep("", length(x)) res ``` ``` ## [1] "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" ``` ```r for (i in 1:length(x)) { if (is.na(x[i])) res[i] <- "missing" else if (x[i] < 0) res[i] <- "negative" else res[i] <- "positive" } res ``` ``` ## [1] "negative" "negative" "negative" ## [4] "negative" "negative" "positive" ## [7] "positive" "positive" "positive" ## [10] "positive" "positive" "missing" ``` ] .pull-right[ ```r ## using if_else res <- if_else(x < 0, "negative (true)", "positive (false)", "missing (na)") res ``` ``` ## [1] "negative (true)" "negative (true)" ## [3] "negative (true)" "negative (true)" ## [5] "negative (true)" "positive (false)" ## [7] "positive (false)" "positive (false)" ## [9] "positive (false)" "positive (false)" ## [11] "positive (false)" "missing (na)" ``` ] ] --- ## Loops (`for` or `while`) ```r v <- c(2,4,9,0) # values we want to iterate over res <- rep(NA, length(v)) # vector to store results in for (idx in 1:length(v)) { res[idx] <- 6 * v[idx] + 9 } res # equal 6*v + 9 ``` ``` ## [1] 21 33 63 9 ``` ```r x <- 1; res <- x while(x < 5) { x <- x + 1 res <- res + x } res # equal sum(1:5) ``` ``` ## [1] 15 ``` --- ## Use a vectorized alternative Loops in R may be slow. However, not if you follow some golden rules: * Do not use a loop when a vectorized alternative exists. * Do not grow objects (via `c`, `cbind`, etc) during the loop - R has to create a new object and copy across the information just to add a new element or row/column. Instead, allocate an object to hold the results and fill it in during the loop. ```r 6 * v + 9 ``` ``` ## [1] 21 33 63 9 ``` ```r sum(1:5) ``` ``` ## [1] 15 ``` --- ## Nested loops ```r for (i in 1:3) { for (j in 1:2) { # code here } } ``` You can replace nested loops with a single loop by using `expand_grid`: ```r library(tidyverse) ite <- expand_grid(i = 1:3, j = 1:2) for (r in 1:nrow(ite)) { # iterate over rows i <- ite$i[r] j <- ite$j[r] # code here } ``` This way of looping is a more flexible approach since you can nest more loops by adding more columns to `ite` and add different values in each column. --- ## Your Turn .your-turn[ - Given a dice and a 52-card deck, use a for loop to write all the possible combinations as strings in the form `Dice = [value] and card = [value]`. Hint (fill the missing): ```r dice <- 1:6 card_suit <- c("clubs", "diamonds", "hearts", "spades") card_number <- c("ace", 2:10, "jack", "queen", "king") ite <- expand_grid(Dice = dice, Card_suit = ___, ___) for (r in 1:nrow(ite)) { # iterate over rows cat("Dice = ", ___, " and card = ", ___, " (", ___, ").\n", sep="") } ``` ] <div class="countdown" id="timer_d970dc5c" data-update-every="1" tabindex="0" style="right:0;bottom:0;"> <div class="countdown-controls"><button class="countdown-bump-down">−</button><button class="countdown-bump-up">+</button></div> <code class="countdown-time"><span class="countdown-digits minutes">05</span><span class="countdown-digits colon">:</span><span class="countdown-digits seconds">00</span></code> </div> ??? ```r library(tidyverse) dice <- 1:6 card_suit <- c("clubs", "diamonds", "hearts", "spades") card_number <- c("ace", 2:10, "jack", "queen", "king") dat <- expand_grid(Dice = dice, Card_suit = card_suit, Card_number = card_number) for (r in 1:nrow(dat)) { cat("Dice = ", dat$Dice[r], " and card = ", dat$Card_number[r], " (", dat$Card_suit[r], ").\n", sep="") } ``` ``` ## Dice = 1 and card = ace (clubs). ## Dice = 1 and card = 2 (clubs). ## Dice = 1 and card = 3 (clubs). ## Dice = 1 and card = 4 (clubs). ## Dice = 1 and card = 5 (clubs). ## Dice = 1 and card = 6 (clubs). ## Dice = 1 and card = 7 (clubs). ## Dice = 1 and card = 8 (clubs). ## Dice = 1 and card = 9 (clubs). ## Dice = 1 and card = 10 (clubs). ## Dice = 1 and card = jack (clubs). ## Dice = 1 and card = queen (clubs). ## Dice = 1 and card = king (clubs). ## Dice = 1 and card = ace (diamonds). ## Dice = 1 and card = 2 (diamonds). ## Dice = 1 and card = 3 (diamonds). ## Dice = 1 and card = 4 (diamonds). ## Dice = 1 and card = 5 (diamonds). ## Dice = 1 and card = 6 (diamonds). ## Dice = 1 and card = 7 (diamonds). ## Dice = 1 and card = 8 (diamonds). ## Dice = 1 and card = 9 (diamonds). ## Dice = 1 and card = 10 (diamonds). ## Dice = 1 and card = jack (diamonds). ## Dice = 1 and card = queen (diamonds). ## Dice = 1 and card = king (diamonds). ## Dice = 1 and card = ace (hearts). ## Dice = 1 and card = 2 (hearts). ## Dice = 1 and card = 3 (hearts). ## Dice = 1 and card = 4 (hearts). ## Dice = 1 and card = 5 (hearts). ## Dice = 1 and card = 6 (hearts). ## Dice = 1 and card = 7 (hearts). ## Dice = 1 and card = 8 (hearts). ## Dice = 1 and card = 9 (hearts). ## Dice = 1 and card = 10 (hearts). ## Dice = 1 and card = jack (hearts). ## Dice = 1 and card = queen (hearts). ## Dice = 1 and card = king (hearts). ## Dice = 1 and card = ace (spades). ## Dice = 1 and card = 2 (spades). ## Dice = 1 and card = 3 (spades). ## Dice = 1 and card = 4 (spades). ## Dice = 1 and card = 5 (spades). ## Dice = 1 and card = 6 (spades). ## Dice = 1 and card = 7 (spades). ## Dice = 1 and card = 8 (spades). ## Dice = 1 and card = 9 (spades). ## Dice = 1 and card = 10 (spades). ## Dice = 1 and card = jack (spades). ## Dice = 1 and card = queen (spades). ## Dice = 1 and card = king (spades). ## Dice = 2 and card = ace (clubs). ## Dice = 2 and card = 2 (clubs). ## Dice = 2 and card = 3 (clubs). ## Dice = 2 and card = 4 (clubs). ## Dice = 2 and card = 5 (clubs). ## Dice = 2 and card = 6 (clubs). ## Dice = 2 and card = 7 (clubs). ## Dice = 2 and card = 8 (clubs). ## Dice = 2 and card = 9 (clubs). ## Dice = 2 and card = 10 (clubs). ## Dice = 2 and card = jack (clubs). ## Dice = 2 and card = queen (clubs). ## Dice = 2 and card = king (clubs). ## Dice = 2 and card = ace (diamonds). ## Dice = 2 and card = 2 (diamonds). ## Dice = 2 and card = 3 (diamonds). ## Dice = 2 and card = 4 (diamonds). ## Dice = 2 and card = 5 (diamonds). ## Dice = 2 and card = 6 (diamonds). ## Dice = 2 and card = 7 (diamonds). ## Dice = 2 and card = 8 (diamonds). ## Dice = 2 and card = 9 (diamonds). ## Dice = 2 and card = 10 (diamonds). ## Dice = 2 and card = jack (diamonds). ## Dice = 2 and card = queen (diamonds). ## Dice = 2 and card = king (diamonds). ## Dice = 2 and card = ace (hearts). ## Dice = 2 and card = 2 (hearts). ## Dice = 2 and card = 3 (hearts). ## Dice = 2 and card = 4 (hearts). ## Dice = 2 and card = 5 (hearts). ## Dice = 2 and card = 6 (hearts). ## Dice = 2 and card = 7 (hearts). ## Dice = 2 and card = 8 (hearts). ## Dice = 2 and card = 9 (hearts). ## Dice = 2 and card = 10 (hearts). ## Dice = 2 and card = jack (hearts). ## Dice = 2 and card = queen (hearts). ## Dice = 2 and card = king (hearts). ## Dice = 2 and card = ace (spades). ## Dice = 2 and card = 2 (spades). ## Dice = 2 and card = 3 (spades). ## Dice = 2 and card = 4 (spades). ## Dice = 2 and card = 5 (spades). ## Dice = 2 and card = 6 (spades). ## Dice = 2 and card = 7 (spades). ## Dice = 2 and card = 8 (spades). ## Dice = 2 and card = 9 (spades). ## Dice = 2 and card = 10 (spades). ## Dice = 2 and card = jack (spades). ## Dice = 2 and card = queen (spades). ## Dice = 2 and card = king (spades). ## Dice = 3 and card = ace (clubs). ## Dice = 3 and card = 2 (clubs). ## Dice = 3 and card = 3 (clubs). ## Dice = 3 and card = 4 (clubs). ## Dice = 3 and card = 5 (clubs). ## Dice = 3 and card = 6 (clubs). ## Dice = 3 and card = 7 (clubs). ## Dice = 3 and card = 8 (clubs). ## Dice = 3 and card = 9 (clubs). ## Dice = 3 and card = 10 (clubs). ## Dice = 3 and card = jack (clubs). ## Dice = 3 and card = queen (clubs). ## Dice = 3 and card = king (clubs). ## Dice = 3 and card = ace (diamonds). ## Dice = 3 and card = 2 (diamonds). ## Dice = 3 and card = 3 (diamonds). ## Dice = 3 and card = 4 (diamonds). ## Dice = 3 and card = 5 (diamonds). ## Dice = 3 and card = 6 (diamonds). ## Dice = 3 and card = 7 (diamonds). ## Dice = 3 and card = 8 (diamonds). ## Dice = 3 and card = 9 (diamonds). ## Dice = 3 and card = 10 (diamonds). ## Dice = 3 and card = jack (diamonds). ## Dice = 3 and card = queen (diamonds). ## Dice = 3 and card = king (diamonds). ## Dice = 3 and card = ace (hearts). ## Dice = 3 and card = 2 (hearts). ## Dice = 3 and card = 3 (hearts). ## Dice = 3 and card = 4 (hearts). ## Dice = 3 and card = 5 (hearts). ## Dice = 3 and card = 6 (hearts). ## Dice = 3 and card = 7 (hearts). ## Dice = 3 and card = 8 (hearts). ## Dice = 3 and card = 9 (hearts). ## Dice = 3 and card = 10 (hearts). ## Dice = 3 and card = jack (hearts). ## Dice = 3 and card = queen (hearts). ## Dice = 3 and card = king (hearts). ## Dice = 3 and card = ace (spades). ## Dice = 3 and card = 2 (spades). ## Dice = 3 and card = 3 (spades). ## Dice = 3 and card = 4 (spades). ## Dice = 3 and card = 5 (spades). ## Dice = 3 and card = 6 (spades). ## Dice = 3 and card = 7 (spades). ## Dice = 3 and card = 8 (spades). ## Dice = 3 and card = 9 (spades). ## Dice = 3 and card = 10 (spades). ## Dice = 3 and card = jack (spades). ## Dice = 3 and card = queen (spades). ## Dice = 3 and card = king (spades). ## Dice = 4 and card = ace (clubs). ## Dice = 4 and card = 2 (clubs). ## Dice = 4 and card = 3 (clubs). ## Dice = 4 and card = 4 (clubs). ## Dice = 4 and card = 5 (clubs). ## Dice = 4 and card = 6 (clubs). ## Dice = 4 and card = 7 (clubs). ## Dice = 4 and card = 8 (clubs). ## Dice = 4 and card = 9 (clubs). ## Dice = 4 and card = 10 (clubs). ## Dice = 4 and card = jack (clubs). ## Dice = 4 and card = queen (clubs). ## Dice = 4 and card = king (clubs). ## Dice = 4 and card = ace (diamonds). ## Dice = 4 and card = 2 (diamonds). ## Dice = 4 and card = 3 (diamonds). ## Dice = 4 and card = 4 (diamonds). ## Dice = 4 and card = 5 (diamonds). ## Dice = 4 and card = 6 (diamonds). ## Dice = 4 and card = 7 (diamonds). ## Dice = 4 and card = 8 (diamonds). ## Dice = 4 and card = 9 (diamonds). ## Dice = 4 and card = 10 (diamonds). ## Dice = 4 and card = jack (diamonds). ## Dice = 4 and card = queen (diamonds). ## Dice = 4 and card = king (diamonds). ## Dice = 4 and card = ace (hearts). ## Dice = 4 and card = 2 (hearts). ## Dice = 4 and card = 3 (hearts). ## Dice = 4 and card = 4 (hearts). ## Dice = 4 and card = 5 (hearts). ## Dice = 4 and card = 6 (hearts). ## Dice = 4 and card = 7 (hearts). ## Dice = 4 and card = 8 (hearts). ## Dice = 4 and card = 9 (hearts). ## Dice = 4 and card = 10 (hearts). ## Dice = 4 and card = jack (hearts). ## Dice = 4 and card = queen (hearts). ## Dice = 4 and card = king (hearts). ## Dice = 4 and card = ace (spades). ## Dice = 4 and card = 2 (spades). ## Dice = 4 and card = 3 (spades). ## Dice = 4 and card = 4 (spades). ## Dice = 4 and card = 5 (spades). ## Dice = 4 and card = 6 (spades). ## Dice = 4 and card = 7 (spades). ## Dice = 4 and card = 8 (spades). ## Dice = 4 and card = 9 (spades). ## Dice = 4 and card = 10 (spades). ## Dice = 4 and card = jack (spades). ## Dice = 4 and card = queen (spades). ## Dice = 4 and card = king (spades). ## Dice = 5 and card = ace (clubs). ## Dice = 5 and card = 2 (clubs). ## Dice = 5 and card = 3 (clubs). ## Dice = 5 and card = 4 (clubs). ## Dice = 5 and card = 5 (clubs). ## Dice = 5 and card = 6 (clubs). ## Dice = 5 and card = 7 (clubs). ## Dice = 5 and card = 8 (clubs). ## Dice = 5 and card = 9 (clubs). ## Dice = 5 and card = 10 (clubs). ## Dice = 5 and card = jack (clubs). ## Dice = 5 and card = queen (clubs). ## Dice = 5 and card = king (clubs). ## Dice = 5 and card = ace (diamonds). ## Dice = 5 and card = 2 (diamonds). ## Dice = 5 and card = 3 (diamonds). ## Dice = 5 and card = 4 (diamonds). ## Dice = 5 and card = 5 (diamonds). ## Dice = 5 and card = 6 (diamonds). ## Dice = 5 and card = 7 (diamonds). ## Dice = 5 and card = 8 (diamonds). ## Dice = 5 and card = 9 (diamonds). ## Dice = 5 and card = 10 (diamonds). ## Dice = 5 and card = jack (diamonds). ## Dice = 5 and card = queen (diamonds). ## Dice = 5 and card = king (diamonds). ## Dice = 5 and card = ace (hearts). ## Dice = 5 and card = 2 (hearts). ## Dice = 5 and card = 3 (hearts). ## Dice = 5 and card = 4 (hearts). ## Dice = 5 and card = 5 (hearts). ## Dice = 5 and card = 6 (hearts). ## Dice = 5 and card = 7 (hearts). ## Dice = 5 and card = 8 (hearts). ## Dice = 5 and card = 9 (hearts). ## Dice = 5 and card = 10 (hearts). ## Dice = 5 and card = jack (hearts). ## Dice = 5 and card = queen (hearts). ## Dice = 5 and card = king (hearts). ## Dice = 5 and card = ace (spades). ## Dice = 5 and card = 2 (spades). ## Dice = 5 and card = 3 (spades). ## Dice = 5 and card = 4 (spades). ## Dice = 5 and card = 5 (spades). ## Dice = 5 and card = 6 (spades). ## Dice = 5 and card = 7 (spades). ## Dice = 5 and card = 8 (spades). ## Dice = 5 and card = 9 (spades). ## Dice = 5 and card = 10 (spades). ## Dice = 5 and card = jack (spades). ## Dice = 5 and card = queen (spades). ## Dice = 5 and card = king (spades). ## Dice = 6 and card = ace (clubs). ## Dice = 6 and card = 2 (clubs). ## Dice = 6 and card = 3 (clubs). ## Dice = 6 and card = 4 (clubs). ## Dice = 6 and card = 5 (clubs). ## Dice = 6 and card = 6 (clubs). ## Dice = 6 and card = 7 (clubs). ## Dice = 6 and card = 8 (clubs). ## Dice = 6 and card = 9 (clubs). ## Dice = 6 and card = 10 (clubs). ## Dice = 6 and card = jack (clubs). ## Dice = 6 and card = queen (clubs). ## Dice = 6 and card = king (clubs). ## Dice = 6 and card = ace (diamonds). ## Dice = 6 and card = 2 (diamonds). ## Dice = 6 and card = 3 (diamonds). ## Dice = 6 and card = 4 (diamonds). ## Dice = 6 and card = 5 (diamonds). ## Dice = 6 and card = 6 (diamonds). ## Dice = 6 and card = 7 (diamonds). ## Dice = 6 and card = 8 (diamonds). ## Dice = 6 and card = 9 (diamonds). ## Dice = 6 and card = 10 (diamonds). ## Dice = 6 and card = jack (diamonds). ## Dice = 6 and card = queen (diamonds). ## Dice = 6 and card = king (diamonds). ## Dice = 6 and card = ace (hearts). ## Dice = 6 and card = 2 (hearts). ## Dice = 6 and card = 3 (hearts). ## Dice = 6 and card = 4 (hearts). ## Dice = 6 and card = 5 (hearts). ## Dice = 6 and card = 6 (hearts). ## Dice = 6 and card = 7 (hearts). ## Dice = 6 and card = 8 (hearts). ## Dice = 6 and card = 9 (hearts). ## Dice = 6 and card = 10 (hearts). ## Dice = 6 and card = jack (hearts). ## Dice = 6 and card = queen (hearts). ## Dice = 6 and card = king (hearts). ## Dice = 6 and card = ace (spades). ## Dice = 6 and card = 2 (spades). ## Dice = 6 and card = 3 (spades). ## Dice = 6 and card = 4 (spades). ## Dice = 6 and card = 5 (spades). ## Dice = 6 and card = 6 (spades). ## Dice = 6 and card = 7 (spades). ## Dice = 6 and card = 8 (spades). ## Dice = 6 and card = 9 (spades). ## Dice = 6 and card = 10 (spades). ## Dice = 6 and card = jack (spades). ## Dice = 6 and card = queen (spades). ## Dice = 6 and card = king (spades). ``` [BSS]: https://bss.au.dk/en/ [course-help]: https://github.com/bss-osca/tfa/issues [cran]: https://cloud.r-project.org [cheatsheet-readr]: https://rawgit.com/rstudio/cheatsheets/master/data-import.pdf [course-welcome-to-the-tidyverse]: https://github.com/rstudio-education/welcome-to-the-tidyverse [DataCamp]: https://www.datacamp.com/ [datacamp-signup]: https://www.datacamp.com/groups/shared_links/7a7a4ede68772eefe3a53ce01aead09b538efdf6770fd59911afc29ae396b88e [datacamp-r-intro]: https://learn.datacamp.com/courses/free-introduction-to-r 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